What is a Pie Chart?
A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. Each slice's arc length (and central angle) is proportional to the quantity it represents. Pie charts excel at showing how a whole is divided into constituent parts.
Pie charts are most effective when you have a small number of categories (ideally 5–7) and want to emphasize one or two dominant categories. For more categories or when precise comparisons matter, consider a bar chart instead.
Best Practices
- Limit to 5–7 categories. Too many thin slices become impossible to distinguish and defeat the purpose of a pie chart.
- Order slices from largest to smallest. This makes it easier to see the relative importance of each category at a glance.
- Use distinct, contrasting colors. Adjacent slices should be visually distinguishable. Avoid similar shades for neighboring categories.
- Always label percentages. Readers should not have to estimate proportions from angles alone.
Frequently Asked Questions
What format should I use to enter pie chart data?
How many categories should a pie chart have?
Can I customize the colors of each pie slice?
Key Terms
- Proportion
- The fraction of the total represented by each slice.
- Category
- Each distinct group shown as a colored slice.
- Percentage
- The proportion expressed as a percent of the total.
Computation Method
- Quartiles are calculated using linear interpolation (method 7 from Hyndman & Fan, 1996), consistent with Python's NumPy and pandas defaults.
- Outlier detection uses the Tukey fences method: lower fence = Q1 − 1.5 × IQR, upper fence = Q3 + 1.5 × IQR.
- Chart scaling caps the display axis at the upper fence value so the visualization remains clear even when extreme outliers are present.
References
- Hyndman, R. J. & Fan, Y. (1996). “Sample Quantiles in Statistical Packages.” The American Statistician, 50(4), 361–365.
- Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley.